""" Claude Code OAuth bypass for hermes-agent. ========================================== Monkey-patches hermes-agent's ``agent.anthropic_adapter.build_anthropic_kwargs`` and ``normalize_anthropic_response`` at import time via a sitecustomize.py hook so that OAuth-authenticated requests pass Anthropic's server-side content validation and still route to the Claude Max/Pro subscription tier. Background ---------- On 2026-04-04 Anthropic deployed server-side validation on OAuth requests: if the ``system[]`` array contains text that doesn't match Claude Code's system prompt structure, the request is rejected with HTTP 400 — even on accounts with remaining subscription quota. Third-party tools (hermes-agent, opencode, cline, aider, etc.) all hit this simultaneously. opencode-claude-auth v1.4.8 (PR #148) worked around it by: 1. Injecting a cryptographically-signed ``x-anthropic-billing-header`` as ``system[0]``. The signature is derived from characters at positions 4, 7, 20 of the first user message, a hardcoded salt, and the Claude CLI version. 2. Relocating all non-Claude-Code system prompt content to the first user message wrapped in ```` blocks. 3. Adding the ``prompt-caching-scope-2026-01-05`` beta flag. Between 2026-04-14 and 2026-04-16, Anthropic tightened the validator further. Two additional signals matter: - Tool names are now inspected: real Claude Code uses PascalCase after the ``mcp_`` prefix (``mcp_Bash``, ``mcp_Read``, ``mcp_Background_output``). Requests with lowercase names (``mcp_bash``) are classified as third-party and the response says "Third-party apps now draw from your extra usage, not your plan limits." This was fixed in opencode-claude-auth PR #191. - The request fingerprint was updated in Claude Code 2.1.112 (upstream PR #207, currently unmerged): the billing entrypoint changed from ``cli`` to ``sdk-cli``, the ``advisor-tool-2026-03-01`` beta flag was added, the SDK now sends ``x-stainless-*`` headers and ``anthropic-dangerous-direct- browser-access: true``, and ``/v1/messages`` is called with ``?beta=true``. hermes-agent already implements the Claude Code identity prefix, user-agent spoofing, ``x-app: cli``, lowercase tool name ``mcp_`` prefixing, Hermes→Claude Code product-name scrubbing, dynamic Claude CLI version detection, and the ``oauth-2025-04-20`` / ``claude-code-20250219`` beta flags. This patch fills the remaining gaps: - Signed billing header (system[0]) with the ``sdk-cli`` entrypoint. - System prompt relocation to first user message. - ``prompt-caching-scope-2026-01-05`` + ``advisor-tool-2026-03-01`` beta flags. - PascalCase rewrite of hermes's lowercase ``mcp_`` prefixed tool names in both the outgoing request and the response normalization path (so the tool dispatcher continues to receive the original lowercase names). - Stainless SDK spoof headers + ``anthropic-dangerous-direct-browser-access`` + ``?beta=true`` query param injected via the Anthropic SDK's per-request ``extra_headers`` / ``extra_query`` kwargs. - Temperature fix for Opus 4.6 adaptive thinking (HTTP 400 otherwise). Installation ------------ Installed automatically by ``install.sh``. See README.md for details. The ``sitecustomize_hook.py`` loader runs at Python interpreter startup and hooks ``agent.anthropic_adapter``'s import so that ``apply_patches()`` runs immediately after the module is loaded. No hermes-agent source modifications are needed. Reversal -------- Run ``uninstall.sh`` or manually remove the sitecustomize hook from the venv's site-packages and restart hermes-gateway. References ---------- - https://github.com/griffinmartin/opencode-claude-auth - https://github.com/griffinmartin/opencode-claude-auth/pull/148 (billing header) - https://github.com/griffinmartin/opencode-claude-auth/pull/191 (PascalCase tools) - https://github.com/griffinmartin/opencode-claude-auth/pull/207 (Claude Code 2.1.112 fingerprint) Version history --------------- - 1.0.0 (2026-04-09): Initial — billing header, system prompt relocation, prompt-caching beta flag, aux-client temperature hook for Opus 4.6. - 1.1.0 (2026-04-22): PascalCase ``mcp_`` tool prefix (request + response), ``sdk-cli`` billing entrypoint, ``advisor-tool-2026-03-01`` beta flag, Stainless SDK spoof headers, ``anthropic-dangerous-direct-browser-access`` header, ``?beta=true`` query param on ``/v1/messages``. Addresses the "Third-party apps now draw from your extra usage, not your plan limits" 400 error introduced by Anthropic's 2026-04-14+ validator tightening. """ from __future__ import annotations __version__ = "1.1.0" import hashlib import inspect import logging import platform import sys import traceback from typing import Any, Dict, List logger = logging.getLogger("anthropic_billing_bypass") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Cryptographic signing (ported from opencode-claude-auth/src/signing.ts) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Shared secret shipped in the Claude Code CLI binary. Anthropic's server # uses this salt to verify billing-header signatures. _BILLING_SALT = "59cf53e54c78" # Billing entrypoint — Claude Code 2.1.112+ reports ``sdk-cli`` instead of the # legacy ``cli`` value. Anthropic's validator matches this against the # x-stainless-* headers; a mismatch routes the request to third-party billing. _BILLING_ENTRYPOINT = "sdk-cli" # Sentinel strings — entries in system[] starting with these are kept; # everything else is relocated to the first user message. _BILLING_PREFIX = "x-anthropic-billing-header" _SYSTEM_IDENTITY = "You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude." # Tool-name prefix used by hermes-agent's existing OAuth path. We rewrite # hermes's lowercase ``mcp_foo`` to Claude Code's PascalCase ``mcp_Foo``. _MCP_PREFIX = "mcp_" # Stainless SDK version the Anthropic JS SDK reports. Real Claude Code ships # @anthropic-ai/sdk@0.81.0 as of 2.1.112 — we spoof the same value. _STAINLESS_PACKAGE_VERSION = "0.81.0" # Node runtime version Claude Code 2.1.112 runs under. We send a recent LTS # value rather than our actual Python version (which would give us away). _STAINLESS_NODE_VERSION = "v22.11.0" # Additional beta flags the OAuth path needs on top of hermes-agent's built-in # ``claude-code-20250219`` and ``oauth-2025-04-20``. These are appended to # ``_OAUTH_ONLY_BETAS`` in ``apply_patches``. _EXTRA_OAUTH_BETAS = [ "prompt-caching-scope-2026-01-05", "advisor-tool-2026-03-01", ] def _extract_first_user_message_text(messages: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> str: """Return the text of the first user message's first text block. Matches Claude Code's K19() exactly: find the first message with role="user", then return the text of its first text content block. """ for msg in messages: if not isinstance(msg, dict) or msg.get("role") != "user": continue content = msg.get("content") if isinstance(content, str): return content if isinstance(content, list): for block in content: if isinstance(block, dict) and block.get("type") == "text": text = block.get("text") if isinstance(text, str) and text: return text return "" return "" def _compute_cch(message_text: str) -> str: """First 5 hex chars of SHA-256(message_text).""" return hashlib.sha256(message_text.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()[:5] def _compute_version_suffix(message_text: str, version: str) -> str: """3-char version suffix: SHA-256(salt + sampled_chars + version)[:3]. Samples characters at indices 4, 7, 20 from the message text, padding with "0" when the message is shorter than the index. """ sampled = "".join( message_text[i] if i < len(message_text) else "0" for i in (4, 7, 20) ) input_str = f"{_BILLING_SALT}{sampled}{version}" return hashlib.sha256(input_str.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()[:3] def _build_billing_header_value( messages: List[Dict[str, Any]], version: str, entrypoint: str, ) -> str: """Build the full x-anthropic-billing-header text for system[0].""" text = _extract_first_user_message_text(messages) suffix = _compute_version_suffix(text, version) cch = _compute_cch(text) return ( f"x-anthropic-billing-header: " f"cc_version={version}.{suffix}; " f"cc_entrypoint={entrypoint}; " f"cch={cch};" ) def _stainless_arch() -> str: machine = (platform.machine() or "").lower() if machine in ("x86_64", "amd64"): return "x64" if machine in ("arm64", "aarch64"): return "arm64" if machine in ("i386", "i686"): return "ia32" return machine or "unknown" def _stainless_os() -> str: mapping = {"Darwin": "MacOS", "Linux": "Linux", "Windows": "Windows"} return mapping.get(platform.system(), platform.system() or "Unknown") def _build_spoof_headers() -> Dict[str, str]: """Headers real Claude Code 2.1.112 sends that hermes-agent does not. The Anthropic SDK (Stainless-generated) automatically attaches ``x-stainless-*`` identifying headers. The validator cross-references these with the billing header's ``cc_entrypoint``; absent or mismatched values flag the request as third-party. ``anthropic-dangerous-direct-browser- access: true`` is a separate Claude Code CLI behavior. """ return { "anthropic-dangerous-direct-browser-access": "true", "x-stainless-arch": _stainless_arch(), "x-stainless-lang": "js", "x-stainless-os": _stainless_os(), "x-stainless-package-version": _STAINLESS_PACKAGE_VERSION, "x-stainless-retry-count": "0", "x-stainless-runtime": "node", "x-stainless-runtime-version": _STAINLESS_NODE_VERSION, "x-stainless-timeout": "600", } def _pascalcase_mcp_name(name: str) -> str: """Rewrite ``mcp_foo_bar`` → ``mcp_Foo_bar``. Matches opencode-claude-auth PR #191 exactly: only the character immediately following the ``mcp_`` prefix is uppercased. Names already in PascalCase are returned unchanged. """ if not isinstance(name, str) or not name.startswith(_MCP_PREFIX): return name rest = name[len(_MCP_PREFIX):] if not rest or not rest[0].islower(): return name return _MCP_PREFIX + rest[0].upper() + rest[1:] def _rewrite_tool_names_pascalcase(api_kwargs: Dict[str, Any]) -> None: """Convert hermes-agent's lowercase ``mcp_`` tool names to PascalCase. Hermes prefixes tools with ``mcp_`` at line 1365 of ``anthropic_adapter`` using the literal ``_MCP_TOOL_PREFIX + tool["name"]``, which produces lowercase values like ``mcp_bash``. Anthropic's billing validator blacklists specific lowercase names (e.g. ``background_output``), flagging the client as non-Claude-Code. Real Claude Code uses PascalCase after the prefix; we rewrite the request in-place. """ tools = api_kwargs.get("tools") if isinstance(tools, list): for tool in tools: if isinstance(tool, dict) and "name" in tool: tool["name"] = _pascalcase_mcp_name(tool.get("name") or "") messages = api_kwargs.get("messages") if isinstance(messages, list): for msg in messages: if not isinstance(msg, dict): continue content = msg.get("content") if not isinstance(content, list): continue for block in content: if not isinstance(block, dict): continue if block.get("type") == "tool_use" and "name" in block: block["name"] = _pascalcase_mcp_name(block.get("name") or "") def _merge_spoof_extras(api_kwargs: Dict[str, Any]) -> None: """Inject Claude Code 2.1.112 request fingerprint via extra_headers / extra_query. The Anthropic Python SDK forwards both to the underlying HTTP request: ``extra_headers`` becomes request headers (merged with client defaults), ``extra_query`` becomes URL query parameters. We avoid overwriting values already set by hermes-agent (e.g. its fast-mode ``anthropic-beta`` header) so our spoof is additive. """ existing_headers = api_kwargs.get("extra_headers") merged_headers: Dict[str, str] = dict(_build_spoof_headers()) if isinstance(existing_headers, dict): for key, value in existing_headers.items(): merged_headers[key] = value api_kwargs["extra_headers"] = merged_headers existing_query = api_kwargs.get("extra_query") merged_query: Dict[str, str] = {"beta": "true"} if isinstance(existing_query, dict): for key, value in existing_query.items(): merged_query[key] = value api_kwargs["extra_query"] = merged_query # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Bypass logic (ported from opencode-claude-auth/src/transforms.ts) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- def _model_supports_adaptive_thinking(model: str) -> bool: if not isinstance(model, str): return False return any(v in model for v in ("4-6", "4.6")) def _fix_temperature_for_oauth_adaptive( api_kwargs: Dict[str, Any], *, site: str, ) -> None: """Strip temperature from OAuth requests on adaptive-thinking models. Opus 4.6 with implicit adaptive thinking rejects non-1 temperature values with HTTP 400. This drops the parameter entirely so the API uses its default. """ if "temperature" not in api_kwargs: return temp = api_kwargs.get("temperature") if temp == 1 or temp == 1.0: return model = api_kwargs.get("model") if not _model_supports_adaptive_thinking(model or ""): return del api_kwargs["temperature"] logger.info( "Dropped temperature=%r for OAuth adaptive-thinking model %r (site=%s)", temp, model, site, ) def _prepend_to_first_user_message( messages: List[Dict[str, Any]], texts: List[str], ) -> None: """Prepend each text as a block to the first user message. Mutates ``messages`` in place. """ if not texts: return combined = "\n\n".join(f"\n{t}\n" for t in texts) for i, msg in enumerate(messages): if not isinstance(msg, dict) or msg.get("role") != "user": continue content = msg.get("content") if isinstance(content, str): new_text = f"{combined}\n\n{content}" if content else combined messages[i] = {**msg, "content": [{"type": "text", "text": new_text}]} return if isinstance(content, list): new_content = list(content) for j, block in enumerate(new_content): if isinstance(block, dict) and block.get("type") == "text": existing = block.get("text") or "" new_content[j] = { **block, "text": f"{combined}\n\n{existing}" if existing else combined, } messages[i] = {**msg, "content": new_content} return new_content.insert(0, {"type": "text", "text": combined}) messages[i] = {**msg, "content": new_content} return messages[i] = {**msg, "content": [{"type": "text", "text": combined}]} return def apply_claude_code_bypass(api_kwargs: Dict[str, Any], version: str) -> None: """Mutate api_kwargs in place to pass OAuth content validation. Only call on OAuth requests (``is_oauth=True``). Safe to call multiple times — stale billing headers are replaced, duplicate identity entries are dropped. After this runs, ``api_kwargs["system"]`` contains at most the billing header and the Claude Code identity prefix. Everything else is moved to the first user message as ```` blocks. """ messages = api_kwargs.get("messages") if not isinstance(messages, list) or not messages: return raw_system = api_kwargs.get("system") if raw_system is None: system: List[Any] = [] elif isinstance(raw_system, str): system = [{"type": "text", "text": raw_system}] if raw_system else [] elif isinstance(raw_system, list): system = list(raw_system) else: logger.warning( "Unexpected system type %s; skipping bypass", type(raw_system).__name__ ) return # Compute billing header using ORIGINAL messages (before relocation). try: billing_value = _build_billing_header_value( messages, version, _BILLING_ENTRYPOINT ) except Exception as exc: logger.warning("Failed to build billing header: %s", exc) return billing_entry = {"type": "text", "text": billing_value} kept: List[Any] = [] moved_texts: List[str] = [] identity_seen = False for entry in system: if not isinstance(entry, dict): kept.append(entry) continue entry_type = entry.get("type") if entry_type != "text": kept.append(entry) continue text = entry.get("text") or "" if text.startswith(_BILLING_PREFIX): continue # stale billing header — drop if text.startswith(_SYSTEM_IDENTITY): if identity_seen: continue # duplicate — drop identity_seen = True rest = text[len(_SYSTEM_IDENTITY) :].lstrip("\n") identity_entry = {k: v for k, v in entry.items() if k != "text"} identity_entry["text"] = _SYSTEM_IDENTITY kept.append(identity_entry) if rest: moved_texts.append(rest) continue if text: moved_texts.append(text) if not identity_seen: kept.insert(0, {"type": "text", "text": _SYSTEM_IDENTITY}) # Billing header first (no cache_control — changes per request). api_kwargs["system"] = [billing_entry] + kept if moved_texts: _prepend_to_first_user_message(messages, moved_texts) _rewrite_tool_names_pascalcase(api_kwargs) _merge_spoof_extras(api_kwargs) _fix_temperature_for_oauth_adaptive(api_kwargs, site="build_kwargs") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Monkey-patch installation # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- def _get_version_safely(aa_module: Any) -> str: """Return the Claude CLI version string from the adapter module.""" getter = getattr(aa_module, "_get_claude_code_version", None) if callable(getter): try: version = getter() if isinstance(version, str) and version and version[0].isdigit(): return version except Exception: pass fallback = getattr(aa_module, "_CLAUDE_CODE_VERSION_FALLBACK", None) if isinstance(fallback, str) and fallback: return fallback return "2.1.90" def _lowercase_first(name: str) -> str: if not name: return name return name[0].lower() + name[1:] def _install_response_pascalcase_unhook(aa_module: Any, force: bool = False) -> bool: """Post-process ``normalize_anthropic_response`` to restore lowercase tool names. We rewrote outgoing tool names from ``mcp_bash`` to ``mcp_Bash`` to pass Anthropic's validator. The response comes back referencing ``mcp_Bash`` too. Hermes strips the ``mcp_`` prefix (line 1488-1489 of ``anthropic_adapter``), leaving ``Bash`` — which hermes's tool dispatcher cannot find because the registered name is ``bash``. We wrap ``normalize_anthropic_response`` to lowercase the first character of each tool call name after hermes's strip runs. """ if getattr(aa_module, "_CLAUDE_CODE_RESPONSE_UNHOOK_APPLIED", False) and not force: logger.debug("response PascalCase unhook already installed") return True original = getattr(aa_module, "normalize_anthropic_response", None) if not callable(original): logger.warning("normalize_anthropic_response not found; skipping response unhook") return False def patched_normalize(response: Any, strip_tool_prefix: bool = False, **kwargs: Any) -> Any: result = original(response, strip_tool_prefix=strip_tool_prefix, **kwargs) if not strip_tool_prefix: return result try: assistant_message, _finish = result except (TypeError, ValueError): return result tool_calls = getattr(assistant_message, "tool_calls", None) if not tool_calls: return result for tc in tool_calls: fn = getattr(tc, "function", None) if fn is None: continue name = getattr(fn, "name", None) if isinstance(name, str) and name and name[0].isupper(): try: fn.name = _lowercase_first(name) except Exception: pass return result patched_normalize.__name__ = original.__name__ patched_normalize.__qualname__ = getattr( original, "__qualname__", original.__name__ ) patched_normalize.__doc__ = original.__doc__ patched_normalize.__wrapped__ = original # type: ignore[attr-defined] aa_module.normalize_anthropic_response = patched_normalize aa_module._CLAUDE_CODE_RESPONSE_UNHOOK_APPLIED = True # type: ignore[attr-defined] logger.info("Response PascalCase unhook installed on normalize_anthropic_response") sys.stderr.write( "[anthropic_billing_bypass] Response PascalCase unhook installed\n" ) return True def _install_aux_client_hook(force: bool = False) -> bool: """Patch the auxiliary client to strip temperature on OAuth adaptive models.""" try: from agent import auxiliary_client as ac # type: ignore[import-not-found] except Exception as exc: logger.warning("aux_client_hook_failed_import: %s: %s", type(exc).__name__, exc) sys.stderr.write( f"[anthropic_billing_bypass] aux_client_hook_failed_import: " f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}\n" ) return False adapter_cls = getattr(ac, "_AnthropicCompletionsAdapter", None) if adapter_cls is None: logger.warning("aux_client_hook_failed: _AnthropicCompletionsAdapter not found") return False if getattr(adapter_cls, "_AUX_CLIENT_TEMP_HOOK_APPLIED", False) and not force: logger.debug("aux_client_hook already installed") return True original_create = getattr(adapter_cls, "create", None) if not callable(original_create): logger.warning("aux_client_hook_failed: create() not callable on adapter") return False def patched_create(self: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any: real_client = getattr(self, "_client", None) if real_client is None: return original_create(self, **kwargs) messages_obj = getattr(real_client, "messages", None) if messages_obj is None: return original_create(self, **kwargs) is_oauth = bool(getattr(self, "_is_oauth", False)) if not is_oauth: return original_create(self, **kwargs) inner_original = messages_obj.create def fixed_messages_create(**inner_kwargs: Any) -> Any: try: _fix_temperature_for_oauth_adaptive(inner_kwargs, site="aux_client") except Exception as exc: logger.warning( "aux_client_hook: temperature fix raised %s: %s", type(exc).__name__, exc, ) return inner_original(**inner_kwargs) try: messages_obj.create = fixed_messages_create rebind_ok = True except (AttributeError, TypeError): rebind_ok = False try: if rebind_ok: return original_create(self, **kwargs) class _ShimMessages: create = staticmethod(fixed_messages_create) class _ShimClient: messages = _ShimMessages() self._client = _ShimClient() try: return original_create(self, **kwargs) finally: self._client = real_client finally: if rebind_ok: try: del messages_obj.create except (AttributeError, TypeError): messages_obj.create = inner_original patched_create.__name__ = original_create.__name__ patched_create.__qualname__ = getattr( original_create, "__qualname__", original_create.__name__ ) patched_create.__doc__ = original_create.__doc__ patched_create.__wrapped__ = original_create # type: ignore[attr-defined] adapter_cls.create = patched_create adapter_cls._AUX_CLIENT_TEMP_HOOK_APPLIED = True logger.info( "Aux client temperature hook installed on _AnthropicCompletionsAdapter.create" ) sys.stderr.write( "[anthropic_billing_bypass] Aux client temperature hook installed\n" ) return True def apply_patches(anthropic_adapter_module: Any = None) -> bool: """Install the bypass on ``agent.anthropic_adapter``. Called by the sitecustomize hook after the module is imported. Returns ``True`` on success, ``False`` if the target module is incompatible. Idempotent — safe to call multiple times. """ aa = anthropic_adapter_module if aa is None: try: from agent import anthropic_adapter as aa # type: ignore[import-not-found,no-redef] except ImportError as exc: logger.warning("Cannot import agent.anthropic_adapter: %s", exc) return False if getattr(aa, "_CLAUDE_CODE_BYPASS_APPLIED", False): logger.debug("Claude Code bypass already installed") return True # 1. Add the missing beta flags (prompt-caching + advisor-tool). oauth_betas = getattr(aa, "_OAUTH_ONLY_BETAS", None) if isinstance(oauth_betas, list): for new_beta in _EXTRA_OAUTH_BETAS: if new_beta not in oauth_betas: oauth_betas.append(new_beta) logger.info("Appended beta flag: %s", new_beta) # 2. Verify the target function exists with the expected signature. original_build = getattr(aa, "build_anthropic_kwargs", None) if not callable(original_build): logger.warning( "agent.anthropic_adapter.build_anthropic_kwargs not found — " "skipping monkey-patch (incompatible hermes-agent version?)" ) return False try: sig = inspect.signature(original_build) if "is_oauth" not in sig.parameters: logger.warning( "build_anthropic_kwargs lacks 'is_oauth' param — " "skipping monkey-patch (incompatible hermes-agent version?)" ) return False except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc: logger.warning("Cannot introspect build_anthropic_kwargs: %s", exc) return False # 3. Wrap build_anthropic_kwargs to apply the bypass on OAuth requests. def patched_build_anthropic_kwargs(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Dict[str, Any]: result = original_build(*args, **kwargs) try: bound = sig.bind_partial(*args, **kwargs) bound.apply_defaults() is_oauth = bool(bound.arguments.get("is_oauth", False)) except TypeError: is_oauth = bool(kwargs.get("is_oauth", False)) if is_oauth and isinstance(result, dict): try: apply_claude_code_bypass(result, _get_version_safely(aa)) except Exception as exc: logger.warning( "apply_claude_code_bypass raised %s: %s", type(exc).__name__, exc, ) traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr) return result patched_build_anthropic_kwargs.__name__ = original_build.__name__ patched_build_anthropic_kwargs.__qualname__ = getattr( original_build, "__qualname__", original_build.__name__ ) patched_build_anthropic_kwargs.__doc__ = original_build.__doc__ patched_build_anthropic_kwargs.__module__ = getattr( original_build, "__module__", __name__ ) patched_build_anthropic_kwargs.__wrapped__ = original_build # type: ignore[attr-defined] aa.build_anthropic_kwargs = patched_build_anthropic_kwargs aa._CLAUDE_CODE_BYPASS_APPLIED = True # type: ignore[attr-defined] logger.info("Claude Code OAuth bypass installed (build_anthropic_kwargs)") sys.stderr.write("[anthropic_billing_bypass] Claude Code OAuth bypass installed\n") _install_response_pascalcase_unhook(aa) _install_aux_client_hook() return True