diff --git a/pkg/harvester/edit/__tests__/harvesterhci.io.virtualmachinetemplateversion.test.js b/pkg/harvester/edit/__tests__/harvesterhci.io.virtualmachinetemplateversion.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5f6c6dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/harvester/edit/__tests__/harvesterhci.io.virtualmachinetemplateversion.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { HCI } from '@pkg/harvester/types';
+import VM_MIXIN from '@pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm';
+import HarvesterEditTemplateVersion from '../harvesterhci.io.virtualmachinetemplateversion.vue';
+
+async function saveWith(userScript) {
+  const buttonCb = jest.fn();
+  const form = {
+    userScript,
+    errors:            [],
+    t:                 (key) => key,
+    parseVM:           jest.fn(),
+    validateCloudInit: VM_MIXIN.methods.validateCloudInit,
+    templateValue:     { metadata: {} },
+    $store:            { dispatch: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue([]) },
+  };
+
+  await HarvesterEditTemplateVersion.methods.saveVMT.call(form, buttonCb);
+
+  return { form, buttonCb };
+}
+
+describe('page: harvesterhci.io.virtualmachinetemplateversion edit', () => {
+  it('should stop the save when the cloud config is invalid', async() => {
+    const { form, buttonCb } = await saveWith('#cloud-config\nsome words\n');
+
+    expect(form.errors).toStrictEqual(['harvester.virtualMachine.cloudConfig.user.invalidYaml']);
+    expect(buttonCb).toHaveBeenCalledWith(false);
+    expect(form.$store.dispatch).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('should go on with the save when the user data is a script', async() => {
+    const { form } = await saveWith('#!/bin/bash\napt-get update\n# start it\nsystemctl enable --now nginx\n');
+
+    expect(form.$store.dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('harvester/findAll', { type: HCI.VM_TEMPLATE });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/pkg/harvester/edit/harvesterhci.io.virtualmachinetemplateversion.vue b/pkg/harvester/edit/harvesterhci.io.virtualmachinetemplateversion.vue
index aa4fd34f..eff46d47 100644
--- a/pkg/harvester/edit/harvesterhci.io.virtualmachinetemplateversion.vue
+++ b/pkg/harvester/edit/harvesterhci.io.virtualmachinetemplateversion.vue
@@ -177,8 +177,17 @@ export default {
     },
 
     async saveVMT(buttonCb) {
+      this.errors = [];
       this.parseVM();
 
+      this.validateCloudInit();
+
+      if (this.errors.length) {
+        buttonCb(false);
+
+        return;
+      }
+
       const templates = await this.$store.dispatch('harvester/findAll', { type: HCI.VM_TEMPLATE });
       const template = templates.find( (O) => O.metadata.name === this.templateValue.metadata.name);
 
diff --git a/pkg/harvester/edit/kubevirt.io.virtualmachine/__tests__/index.test.js b/pkg/harvester/edit/kubevirt.io.virtualmachine/__tests__/index.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a124fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/harvester/edit/kubevirt.io.virtualmachine/__tests__/index.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import VM_MIXIN from '@pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm';
+import HarvesterEditVM from '../index.vue';
+
+function saveWith(userScript) {
+  const buttonCb = jest.fn();
+  const form = {
+    userScript,
+    errors:                 [],
+    isSingle:               true,
+    t:                      (key) => key,
+    validateCPUMemory:      jest.fn(),
+    validateWindowsSysprep: jest.fn(),
+    validateCloudInit:      VM_MIXIN.methods.validateCloudInit,
+    saveSingle:             jest.fn(),
+  };
+
+  HarvesterEditVM.methods.saveVM.call(form, buttonCb);
+
+  return { form, buttonCb };
+}
+
+describe('page: kubevirt.io.virtualmachine edit', () => {
+  it('should stop the save when the cloud config is invalid', () => {
+    const { form, buttonCb } = saveWith('#cloud-config\nsome words\n');
+
+    expect(form.errors).toStrictEqual(['harvester.virtualMachine.cloudConfig.user.invalidYaml']);
+    expect(buttonCb).toHaveBeenCalledWith(false);
+    expect(form.saveSingle).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('should save when the user data is a script', () => {
+    const { form, buttonCb } = saveWith('#!/bin/bash\napt-get update\n# start it\nsystemctl enable --now nginx\n');
+
+    expect(form.errors).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(form.saveSingle).toHaveBeenCalledWith(buttonCb);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/pkg/harvester/edit/kubevirt.io.virtualmachine/index.vue b/pkg/harvester/edit/kubevirt.io.virtualmachine/index.vue
index b7d6d44e..a2f01f43 100644
--- a/pkg/harvester/edit/kubevirt.io.virtualmachine/index.vue
+++ b/pkg/harvester/edit/kubevirt.io.virtualmachine/index.vue
@@ -379,6 +379,7 @@ export default {
 
       this.validateCPUMemory();
       this.validateWindowsSysprep();
+      this.validateCloudInit();
 
       // block create VM flow if has validation errors
       if (this.errors.length) {
diff --git a/pkg/harvester/l10n/en-us.yaml b/pkg/harvester/l10n/en-us.yaml
index 2fce5798..2c922eee 100644
--- a/pkg/harvester/l10n/en-us.yaml
+++ b/pkg/harvester/l10n/en-us.yaml
@@ -890,10 +890,12 @@ harvester:
         label: User Data Template
         title: "User Data:"
         tip: "You can specify user data to configure an instance or run a configuration script during launch. If you launch more than one instance at a time, the user data is available to all the instances in that reservation. <a href='https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/examples.html' target='_blank'>Learn more</a>"
+        invalidYaml: 'Invalid User Data YAML syntax'
       network:
         label: Network Data Template
         title: "Network Data:"
         tip: "The network-data configuration allows you to customize the instance's networking interfaces by assigning subnet configuration, virtual device creation (bonds, bridges, VLANs) routes and DNS configuration. <a href='https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/network-config-format-v1.html' target='_blank'>Learn more</a>"
+        invalidYaml: 'Invalid Network Data YAML syntax'
     sysprep:
       title: Windows Unattended & Sysprep Configuration
       description: "Configure Windows automated installation using autounattend.xml. The configuration will be stored in a Kubernetes Secret and mounted as a CD-ROM during installation. <a href='https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/manufacture/desktop/automate-windows-setup' target='_blank'>Learn more</a>"
diff --git a/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/__tests__/index.test.js b/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/__tests__/index.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee119285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/__tests__/index.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+import VM_MIXIN from '../index';
+import impl from '../impl';
+
+const USER_ERROR = 'harvester.virtualMachine.cloudConfig.user.invalidYaml';
+const NETWORK_ERROR = 'harvester.virtualMachine.cloudConfig.network.invalidYaml';
+const CLOUD_CONFIG = '#cloud-config\npackage_update: true\npackages:\n  - qemu-guest-agent\n';
+const YAML_SCRIPT = '#!/bin/bash\napt-get update\napt-get install -y nginx\n';
+
+function validate({
+  userScript, networkScript, isEdit = false, savedCloudInit = {}
+}) {
+  const form = {
+    userScript,
+    networkScript,
+    isEdit,
+    savedCloudInit,
+    errors: [],
+    t:      (key) => key,
+  };
+
+  VM_MIXIN.methods.validateCloudInit.call(form);
+
+  return form.errors;
+}
+
+function userDataFor(userScript) {
+  const form = {
+    userScript,
+    sshKey: [],
+    $store: { getters: { 'harvester/byId': () => undefined } },
+    ...impl.methods,
+    ...VM_MIXIN.methods,
+  };
+
+  return form.getUserData({ osType: 'linux', installAgent: false });
+}
+
+describe('mixin: harvester-vm', () => {
+  describe('validateCloudInit', () => {
+    it.each([
+      ['a word after the mapping', `${ CLOUD_CONFIG }some words\n`],
+      ['only words', '#cloud-config\nsome words\n'],
+      ['only words and no header', 'some words\n'],
+      ['a list', '#cloud-config\n- a\n- b\n'],
+      ['bad indentation', '#cloud-config\nusers:\n  - name: a\n bad: b\n'],
+      ['an unclosed quote', '#cloud-config\npassword: "abc\n'],
+    ])('should block cloud-config user data with %s', (_, userScript) => {
+      expect(validate({ userScript })).toStrictEqual([USER_ERROR]);
+    });
+
+    it.each([
+      ['undefined', undefined],
+      ['empty', ''],
+      ['only the header', '#cloud-config\n'],
+      ['a valid cloud-config', CLOUD_CONFIG],
+      ['a mapping without the header', 'password: test\n'],
+    ])('should allow user data that is %s', (_, userScript) => {
+      expect(validate({ userScript })).toStrictEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it.each([
+      ['a script that is not valid YAML', '#!/bin/bash\napt-get update\n# start it\nsystemctl enable --now nginx\n'],
+      ['a script that parses as YAML', YAML_SCRIPT],
+      ['a MIME message with a cloud-config part', 'Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="b"\nMIME-Version: 1.0\n\n--b\nContent-Type: text/cloud-config\n\n#cloud-config\npackages:\n  - nginx\n--b--\n'],
+      ['a Jinja template', '## template: jinja\n#cloud-config\n{% if v1.region == "us" %}\npackages:\n  - a\n{% endif %}\n'],
+      ['a Cloudbase-Init PowerShell script', '#ps1_sysnative\n# enable RDP\nWrite-Host "done: ok"\n'],
+      ['a Cloudbase-Init batch script', 'rem cmd\nnet user admin Passw0rd /add\n'],
+      ['a cloud-config archive', '#cloud-config-archive\n- type: text/x-shellscript\n  content: |\n    #!/bin/sh\n'],
+    ])('should not parse user data that is %s', (_, userScript) => {
+      expect(validate({ userScript })).toStrictEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it.each([
+      ['words', 'some words\n'],
+      ['a list', '- a\n- b\n'],
+      ['bad indentation', 'network:\n  version: 1\n bad: x\n'],
+    ])('should block network data with %s', (_, networkScript) => {
+      expect(validate({ networkScript })).toStrictEqual([NETWORK_ERROR]);
+    });
+
+    it.each([
+      ['undefined', undefined],
+      ['empty', ''],
+      ['only whitespace', '  \n'],
+      ['only a comment', '# nothing yet\n'],
+      ['a valid config', 'network:\n  version: 1\n  config:\n    - type: physical\n      name: eth0\n'],
+    ])('should allow network data that is %s', (_, networkScript) => {
+      expect(validate({ networkScript })).toStrictEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it('should report both fields when both are invalid', () => {
+      const errors = validate({ userScript: '#cloud-config\nsome words\n', networkScript: 'some words\n' });
+
+      expect(errors).toStrictEqual([USER_ERROR, NETWORK_ERROR]);
+    });
+
+    it('should save an edited VM with the cloud-init it already has', () => {
+      const savedCloudInit = {
+        userScript:    '#cloud-config\n#!/bin/bash\napt-get update apt-get install -y nginx\n',
+        networkScript: 'some words\n',
+      };
+
+      const errors = validate({
+        ...savedCloudInit, isEdit: true, savedCloudInit
+      });
+
+      expect(errors).toStrictEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it('should check cloud-init changed while editing', () => {
+      const savedCloudInit = { userScript: CLOUD_CONFIG, networkScript: '' };
+      const errors = validate({
+        userScript: '#cloud-config\nsome words\n', networkScript: 'some words\n', isEdit: true, savedCloudInit
+      });
+
+      expect(errors).toStrictEqual([USER_ERROR, NETWORK_ERROR]);
+    });
+
+    it('should check cloud-init a new VM takes from a template', () => {
+      const savedCloudInit = { userScript: '#cloud-config\nsome words\n' };
+
+      expect(validate({ ...savedCloudInit, savedCloudInit })).toStrictEqual([USER_ERROR]);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('getUserData', () => {
+    it.each([
+      ['a script that parses as YAML', YAML_SCRIPT],
+      ['a Cloudbase-Init batch script', 'rem cmd\nnet user admin Passw0rd /add\n'],
+      ['a Cloudbase-Init PowerShell script', '#ps1_sysnative\nWrite-Host done\n'],
+      ['a cloud-config archive', '#cloud-config-archive\n- type: text/x-shellscript\n  content: echo hi\n'],
+    ])('should save %s as typed', (_, userScript) => {
+      expect(userDataFor(userScript)).toStrictEqual(userScript);
+    });
+
+    it('should add the header to cloud-config typed without one', () => {
+      expect(userDataFor('password: test\n')).toBe('#cloud-config\npassword: test\n');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/impl.js b/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/impl.js
index 8fd2fa92..3339073b 100644
--- a/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/impl.js
+++ b/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/impl.js
@@ -35,6 +35,18 @@ export const SSH_EXISTING_TYPE = {
   EXISTING_ONLY_CLOUD:      'EXISTING_CLOUD',
 };
 
+// Cloud-init and Cloudbase-Init run user data starting with one of these as a script, MIME or another format, not as cloud-config.
+const OTHER_USER_DATA_FORMATS = [
+  '#!', '#include', '#cloud-boothook', '#part-handler', '#cloud-config-archive', '#cloud-config-jsonp', '## template:',
+  '#ps1', 'rem cmd', '<script>', '<powershell>', 'content-type:', 'mime-version:'
+];
+
+export function isCloudConfig(userScript) {
+  const start = (userScript || '').trimStart().toLowerCase();
+
+  return !OTHER_USER_DATA_FORMATS.some((format) => start.startsWith(format));
+}
+
 export default {
   methods: {
     hasCloudConfigComment(userScript) {
diff --git a/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/index.js b/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/index.js
index 582d7844..9a1259a9 100644
--- a/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/index.js
+++ b/pkg/harvester/mixins/harvester-vm/index.js
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import YAML from 'yaml';
 import jsyaml from 'js-yaml';
 import isEqual from 'lodash/isEqual';
 import isEmpty from 'lodash/isEmpty';
+import isNil from 'lodash/isNil';
+import isPlainObject from 'lodash/isPlainObject';
 import difference from 'lodash/difference';
 import { sortBy } from '@shell/utils/sort';
 import { set } from '@shell/utils/object';
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ import {
 import { HCI_SETTING } from '../../config/settings';
 import { HCI } from '../../types';
 import { parseVolumeClaimTemplates, EMPTY_IMAGE } from '../../utils/vm';
-import impl, { QGA_JSON, USB_TABLET } from './impl';
+import impl, { isCloudConfig, QGA_JSON, USB_TABLET } from './impl';
 import { GIBIBYTE } from '../../utils/unit';
 import { VOLUME_MODE, ACCESS_MODE, FILESYSTEM_SOURCE_TYPE } from '@pkg/harvester/config/types';
 
@@ -157,6 +159,8 @@ export default {
       installUSBTablet:              true,
       networkScript:                 '',
       userScript:                    '',
+      // The cloud-init the form loaded, so editing a VM never blocks saving it unchanged.
+      savedCloudInit:                {},
       imageId:                       '',
       diskRows:                      [],
       networkRows:                   [],
@@ -434,6 +438,7 @@ export default {
       this['accessCredentials'] = accessCredentials;
       this['userScript'] = userData;
       this['networkScript'] = networkData;
+      this['savedCloudInit'] = { userScript: userData, networkScript: networkData };
 
       this['sshKey'] = sshKey;
       this['osType'] = osType;
@@ -1283,6 +1288,11 @@ export default {
      * @param config
      */
     getUserData(config) {
+      // Scripts, MIME and the other formats are saved as typed: only cloud-config gets the SSH keys, the guest agent and the header.
+      if (!isCloudConfig(this.userScript)) {
+        return this.userScript;
+      }
+
       try {
         // https://github.com/eemeli/yaml/issues/136
         let userDataDoc = this.userScript ? YAML.parseDocument(this.userScript) : YAML.parseDocument({});
@@ -1475,6 +1485,30 @@ export default {
       this.networkScript = value;
     },
 
+    validateCloudInit() {
+      const isYamlMapping = (text) => {
+        try {
+          const doc = jsyaml.load(text);
+
+          return isNil(doc) || isPlainObject(doc);
+        } catch (e) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      };
+
+      // Editing only checks what changed, so a VM can still be saved with the cloud-init it already has.
+      const isChanged = (key) => !this.isEdit || this[key] !== this.savedCloudInit[key];
+
+      // Scripts, MIME and the other formats are valid without being YAML. Anything else is saved as cloud-config.
+      if (this.userScript && isChanged('userScript') && isCloudConfig(this.userScript) && !isYamlMapping(this.userScript)) {
+        this.errors.push(this.t('harvester.virtualMachine.cloudConfig.user.invalidYaml'));
+      }
+
+      if (this.networkScript && isChanged('networkScript') && !isYamlMapping(this.networkScript)) {
+        this.errors.push(this.t('harvester.virtualMachine.cloudConfig.network.invalidYaml'));
+      }
+    },
+
     mergeSSHAuthorizedKeys(yaml) {
       try {
         const sshAuthorizedKeys = YAML.parseDocument(yaml)